Media kultur mengikut kaedah piawai
Cari media untuk kaedah ujian anda. Produk formulasi piawai yang ditetapkan atau sesuai untuk kaedah ISO (MS ISO), USP, EP, FDA BAM dan APHA.
Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISO
- ISO 4833-1 Aerobic plate count (pour plate) (ISO 4833-1)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOPour plate on Plate Count Agar at 30 °C for 72 h.3
- ISO 4831 / 4832 Coliforms (MPN and colony count) (ISO 4831 / 4832)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOMPN with LST presumptive and BGLB confirmation (4831); pour-plate count on VRBL agar (4832).4
- ISO 7251 Presumptive Escherichia coli (MPN) (ISO 7251)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOLST presumptive, EC broth at 44 °C and indole confirmation.6
- ISO 21528 Enterobacteriaceae (ISO 21528-1 / 21528-2)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOBPW pre-enrichment and EE broth enrichment then VRBG streaking (MPN); double-layer VRBG plate count.5
- ISO 6579-1 Salmonella (ISO 6579-1)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOBPW pre-enrichment, RVS and MKTTn selective enrichment, XLD and a second plate, TSI, urea, lysine and serology.5
- ISO 6888-1 Coagulase-positive staphylococci (ISO 6888-1)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOSpread plating on Baird-Parker agar, BHI culture and coagulase test.4
- ISO 11290-1 Listeria monocytogenes (ISO 11290-1)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOHalf Fraser and Fraser enrichment, ALOA and PALCAM isolation, TSAYE purification.4
- ISO 7932 Bacillus cereus (ISO 7932)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOSpread plating on MYP agar at 30 °C, haemolysis confirmation.1
- ISO 7937 Clostridium perfringens (ISO 7937)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOAnaerobic count on TSC agar, confirmation after growth in fluid thioglycollate medium.3
- ISO 21872-1 Vibrio (ISO 21872-1)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOAlkaline saline peptone water enrichment, TCBS isolation, saline nutrient agar and biochemical confirmation.3
- ISO 15214 Mesophilic lactic acid bacteria (ISO 15214)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOPour plate on MRS agar at 30 °C for 72 h.2
- ISO 22964 Cronobacter (ISO 22964)Piawaian antarabangsa mikrobiologi makanan ISOBPW pre-enrichment, CSB selective enrichment, CCI chromogenic isolation, TSA purification.3
ISO
- ISO 11133ISOMicrobiology of food, animal feed and water: preparation, production, storage and performance testing of culture media.5
- ISO 4833-1 / 4833-2ISOMicrobiology of the food chain: enumeration of microorganisms at 30 °C by pour plate and surface plating.3
- ISO 4831 / 4832ISODetection and enumeration of coliforms by the MPN technique (4831) and colony count (4832).4
- ISO 7251ISODetection and enumeration of presumptive Escherichia coli by the MPN technique.2
- ISO 6579-1ISODetection of Salmonella in the food chain: pre-enrichment, selective enrichment and isolation.6
- ISO 6888ISOEnumeration and detection of coagulase-positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus).5
- ISO 21528-1 / 21528-2ISODetection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae: MPN technique and colony count.2
- ISO 15214ISOEnumeration of mesophilic lactic acid bacteria by colony count at 30 °C.3
- ISO 7937 / 15213ISOEnumeration of Clostridium perfringens (7937) and sulfite-reducing anaerobes (15213).2
- ISO 21872-1ISODetection of potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and V. vulnificus.1
- ISO 22964ISODetection of Cronobacter spp. in the food chain.1
- ISO 6222ISOWater quality: enumeration of culturable microorganisms by colony count in nutrient agar.1
- ISO 14698ISOCleanrooms and associated controlled environments: biocontamination control, including settle plates and surface monitoring.2
ISO / IDF
ISO / CLSI / EUCAST
USP
- USP <61> / <62>USPMicrobiological examination of nonsterile products: microbial enumeration tests (<61>) and tests for specified microorganisms (<62>).11
- USP <71>USPSterility tests: media for direct inoculation and membrane filtration.1
- USP <1231>USPWater for pharmaceutical purposes: microbial monitoring, including media for heterotrophic plate counts.1
European Pharmacopoeia
US FDA
APHA / AWWA / WEF
Taiwan FDA (TFDA)
- Taiwan FDA method: Aerobic plate count in foods (MOHWM0014.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Serial dilution, pour plate on Plate Count Agar, 35 °C for 48 ± 2 h.6
- Taiwan FDA method: Coliforms in foods (MPN) (MOHWM0015.01)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Three-tube MPN: presumptive in LST broth, gas-positive tubes confirmed in BGLB broth at 35 °C.7
- Taiwan FDA method: Escherichia coli in foods (MOHWM0023.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)LST presumptive, EC broth at 44.5 °C, isolation on L-EMB and IMViC identification; or selective plate count.15
- Taiwan FDA method: Enterobacteriaceae in foods (MOHWM0028.00)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Double-layer VRBG plates at 37 °C for 24 ± 2 h; suspect colonies streaked on NA and confirmed by glucose OF and oxidase tests.4
- Taiwan FDA method: Salmonella in foods (MOHWM0025.01)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Pre-enrichment (lactose broth or buffered peptone water), selective enrichment (SC, TT), isolation on XLD, HE and BS, confirmation on TSI, LIA and biochemical tests.18
- Taiwan FDA method: Staphylococcus aureus in foods (MOHWM0002.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Direct plating on Baird-Parker medium or MPN in TSB with 10% NaCl; suspect colonies grown in BHI broth and confirmed by the coagulase test.14
- Taiwan FDA method: Listeria monocytogenes in foods (MOHWM0029.00)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in BLEB, plating on OXA, PALCAM or MOX (a chromogenic agar is recommended in parallel), suspect colonies to TSAYE/TSBYE and biochemical confirmation.8
- Taiwan FDA method: Lactic acid bacteria in foods (MOHWM0013.01)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Serial dilution in 0.1% peptone diluent and enumeration on MRS agar; separate media for bifidobacteria and enterococci.6
- Taiwan FDA method: Yeast and mould count in foods (MOHWM0008.01)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Serial dilution in 0.1% peptone diluent and enumeration on DRBC, DG18, Potato Dextrose Agar or Malt Agar.6
- Taiwan FDA method: Bacillus cereus in foods (MOHWM0016.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Spread plating on MYP agar or MPN in TSB-polymyxin broth; suspect colonies purified on nutrient agar and confirmed biochemically.15
- Taiwan FDA method: Vibrio parahaemolyticus in foods (MOHWM0011.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in alkaline peptone water, isolation on TCBS agar, confirmation on TSI, salt-supplemented TSB and biochemical tests.6
- Taiwan FDA method: Clostridium perfringens in foods (MOHWM0006.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Anaerobic count on TSC agar; suspect colonies grown in fluid thioglycollate medium and confirmed in buffered motility-nitrate and lactose-gelatin media.7
- Taiwan FDA method: Cronobacter (Enterobacter sakazakii) in foods (MOHWM0004.03)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, selective enrichment in LST broth with 2% NaCl, isolation on chromogenic agar, purification on TSA and biochemical confirmation.5
- Taiwan FDA method: Escherichia coli O157:H7 in foods (MOHWM0010.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in modified buffered peptone water with pyruvate, isolation on TC-SMAC, purification on TSAYE and confirmation by IMViC, SIM and serology.10
- Taiwan FDA method: Pathogenic Escherichia coli in foods (MOHWM0017.03)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in tryptone phosphate broth and BHI, isolation on L-EMB and MacConkey, confirmation on TSI and biochemical tests, then serotyping or toxin-gene detection.10
- Taiwan FDA method: Aeromonas in foods (MOHWM0005.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Isolation on starch phenol red ampicillin agar (SPA), purification on TSA and confirmation by TSI, decarboxylase, motility and other biochemical tests.4
- Taiwan FDA method: Campylobacter in foods (MOHWM0007.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Microaerobic enrichment in Campylobacter enrichment broth or Preston broth, isolation on Abeyta-Hunt-Bark agar, confirmation by TSI, MacConkey and other tests.6
- Taiwan FDA method: Shigella in foods (MOHWM0003.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Anaerobic enrichment in Shigella broth, isolation on MacConkey, XLD and HE, confirmation on TSI and biochemical tests, then serology.7
- Taiwan FDA method: Coliforms in packaged and dispensed drinking water (MOHWM0020.00)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Multiple-tube MPN: presumptive in LST broth, gas-positive tubes confirmed in BGLB broth.3
- Taiwan FDA method: Vibrio cholerae in foods (MOHWM0019.02)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in alkaline peptone water, isolation on TCBS, confirmation in salt-supplemented TSB, TSI, Hugh-Leifson glucose broth and serology.8
- Taiwan FDA method: Yersinia enterocolitica in foods (MOHWM0009.01)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Cold enrichment in peptone sorbitol bile broth, isolation on MacConkey agar, confirmation on Christensen's urea agar, bromcresol purple carbohydrate broths and decarboxylase tests.2
- Taiwan FDA method: Aerobic plate count in cosmetics (RA03M001.004 第一部分)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Sample diluted in Modified Letheen broth, spread on Modified Letheen agar, 30 ± 2 °C for 48 h; MacConkey agar in the growth-promotion check when no colonies appear.5
- Taiwan FDA method: Staphylococcus aureus in cosmetics (RA03M001.004 第二部分)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in Modified Letheen broth at 32.5 ± 2.5 °C for 20 to 72 h, isolation on Baird-Parker agar, purification on Modified Letheen agar, catalase and coagulase confirmation.8
- Taiwan FDA method: Escherichia coli in cosmetics (RA03M001.004 第三部分)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in Modified Letheen broth at 32.5 ± 2.5 °C for 20 to 72 h, isolation on MacConkey agar, confirmation of metallic-sheen colonies on L-EMB agar and identification.4
- Taiwan FDA method: Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cosmetics (RA03M001.004 第四部分)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in Modified Letheen broth at 32.5 ± 2.5 °C for 20 to 72 h, isolation on cetrimide agar, confirmation by TSI, fluorescence, pigment and biochemical tests.7
- Taiwan FDA method: Candida albicans in cosmetics (RA03M001.004 第五部分)Taiwan FDA (TFDA)Enrichment in Modified Letheen broth at 32.5 ± 2.5 °C for 20 to 72 h, isolation on Sabouraud dextrose chloramphenicol agar, germ-tube test and chlamydospore test on corn meal agar with 1% polysorbate 80.5
Taiwan Ministry of Environment (NIEA)
- Taiwan NIEA method: Coliforms in water (multiple-tube fermentation) (NIEA E201.54B)Taiwan Ministry of Environment (NIEA)Surface water, groundwater, wastewater and source water: presumptive in LST broth at 35 ± 1 °C, gas-positive tubes confirmed in BGLB, reported as MPN/100 mL.3
- Taiwan NIEA method: Coliforms in water (membrane filter) (NIEA E202.55B)Taiwan Ministry of Environment (NIEA)Surface water, groundwater, wastewater, effluent and marine water: membrane on LES Endo agar or an m-Endo broth pad, 35 ± 1 °C for 24 ± 2 h, counting colonies with a metallic sheen.2
- Taiwan NIEA method: Total plate count in water (spread plate) (NIEA E203.56B)Taiwan Ministry of Environment (NIEA)Drinking water, surface water, groundwater, wastewater and effluent: sample spread on TGEA or PCA, 35 ± 1 °C for 48 ± 3 h.2
- Taiwan NIEA method: Total plate count in water (pour plate) (NIEA E204.55B)Taiwan Ministry of Environment (NIEA)Drinking water, surface water, groundwater, wastewater and effluent: sample mixed with TGEA or PCA at 45 to 50 °C, 35 ± 1 °C for 48 ± 3 h.2
- Taiwan NIEA method: Coliforms in drinking water (membrane filter) (NIEA E230.55B)Taiwan Ministry of Environment (NIEA)Drinking water and its sources: membrane on LES Endo agar or an m-Endo broth pad, 35 ± 1 °C for 24 ± 2 h, counting colonies with a metallic sheen.2
- Taiwan NIEA method: Coliforms in drinking water (multiple-tube fermentation) (NIEA E231.53B)Taiwan Ministry of Environment (NIEA)Drinking water and its sources: presumptive in LST broth at 35 ± 1 °C, gas-positive tubes confirmed in BGLB, reported as MPN/100 mL.3
Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Taiwan (MOHW)
Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW notices
- Japan standards: Bacterial count (standard plate count) (告示第370号 各条（氷菓・冷凍食品ほか）)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesPour plate with standard agar, 35 °C for 48 ± 3 h; the bacterial count method in the per-food standards for ice confections, frozen foods, soft drinks and others.2
- Japan standards: Coliforms (desoxycholate agar method) (告示第370号 各条（氷菓・冷凍食品）)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesPour plate with desoxycholate agar at 35 °C for 20 ± 2 h; dark red colonies are presumptive, confirmed in lactose broth fermentation tubes and on EMB agar.7
- Japan standards: Coliforms (BGLB fermentation tube method) (告示第370号 各条（魚肉ねり製品・乳）／食安発0729第4号)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesDouble-strength BGLB fermentation tubes at 35 °C for 48 ± 3 h; gas-positive tubes streaked on EMB and confirmed in lactose broth. The coliform method for fish paste products, dairy and meat products.6
- Japan standards: E. coli (EC fermentation tube method, 44.5 °C) (食安発0729第4号（食肉製品）／各条（生めん類ほか）)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesEC fermentation tubes at 44.5 ± 0.2 °C for 24 ± 2 h; gas-positive tubes streaked on EMB and confirmed in lactose broth with microscopy. The E. coli method for meat products and heated ready-to-eat foods.5
- Japan MHLW notice: Salmonella method (meat products) (食安発0729第4号 別添1（食肉製品）)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesPre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, selective enrichment in RV and TT broths, isolation on one H2S-dependent plate (MLCB, DHL or XLD) and one H2S-independent plate (BGS, SM2), confirmation on TSI and LIM, then serology.4
- Japan MHLW notice: Staphylococcus aureus method (食安発0729第4号 別添2／各条（弁当・惣菜ほか）)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesSpread plating on Baird-Parker agar (with potassium tellurite and egg yolk) as in ISO 6888-1, with 3% egg-yolk mannitol salt agar treated as equivalent; suspect colonies purified on a non-selective plate and confirmed by the coagulase test.8
- Japan standards: Vibrio parahaemolyticus method (告示第370号 各条（ゆでだこ・ゆでがに・生食用鮮魚介類）)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesStreak on TCBS agar and incubate overnight at 37 °C, or enrich in alkaline peptone water for the MPN method; the methods for boiled octopus, boiled crab and raw seafood.2
- Japan: Yeasts and moulds (potato dextrose agar) (漬物の衛生規範ほか)Japan Food Sanitation Act standards and MHLW noticesThe fungal count plate used in the pickle hygiene code and production-area monitoring, counted after 5 days at 25 °C.1
Korea MFDS Food Code
- Korean Food Code 4.5 Bacterial count (식품공전 제8. 4.5)Korea MFDS Food CodeStandard plate count: pour plate with standard agar at 35 ± 1 °C for 48 ± 2 h, counting plates with 15 to 300 colonies.2
- Korean Food Code 4.7 Coliforms (식품공전 제8. 4.7)Korea MFDS Food CodeQualitative: presumptive in lactose broth, confirmation in BGLB, completed on Endo or EMB agar and nutrient agar; quantitative: MPN or desoxycholate lactose agar plate count.10
- Korean Food Code 4.8 Escherichia coli (식품공전 제8. 4.8)Korea MFDS Food CodeMPN: presumptive in BGLB or lactose broth, confirmation in EC broth at 44.5 °C, isolation on EMB and IMViC identification; mEC and dry-film methods also given.8
- Korean Food Code 4.9 Lactic acid bacteria count (식품공전 제8. 4.9)Korea MFDS Food CodePour or spread plating on MRS agar or other lactic acid bacteria media at 35 to 37 °C for 48 to 72 h; separate items for lactobacilli, lactococci and bifidobacteria.2
- Korean Food Code 4.10 Yeast and mould count (식품공전 제8. 4.10)Korea MFDS Food CodePour plate on potato dextrose agar acidified with 10% tartaric acid, counted after 5 to 7 days at 25 °C.1
- Korean Food Code 4.11 Salmonella spp. (식품공전 제8. 4.11)Korea MFDS Food CodePre-enrichment in peptone water, secondary enrichment in RV/RVS broth, isolation on XLD, HE, BS or BG sulfa agar, confirmation on TSI and LIA slants and biochemical tests.4
- Korean Food Code 4.12 Staphylococcus aureus (식품공전 제8. 4.12)Korea MFDS Food CodeQualitative: enrichment in TSB with 10% NaCl, plating on egg-yolk mannitol salt agar or Baird-Parker agar; quantitative: direct spread plating; suspect colonies purified on nutrient agar and confirmed by the coagulase test.8
- Korean Food Code 4.13 Vibrio parahaemolyticus (식품공전 제8. 4.13)Korea MFDS Food CodeEnrichment in alkaline peptone water, isolation on TCBS agar, confirmation in nutrient broth with 3% NaCl, TSI, LIM and other biochemical tests.7
- Korean Food Code 4.14 Clostridium perfringens (식품공전 제8. 4.14)Korea MFDS Food CodeAnaerobic isolation and count on TSC agar with egg yolk; suspect colonies grown in fluid thioglycollate or GAM broth and confirmed biochemically.2
- Korean Food Code 4.15 Listeria monocytogenes (식품공전 제8. 4.15)Korea MFDS Food CodeEnrichment in Listeria enrichment broth or UVM, secondary enrichment in Fraser broth, isolation on Oxford, PALCAM, LPM or ALOA agar, purification on tryptic soy agar with 0.6% yeast extract and confirmation.6
- Korean Food Code 4.16 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (식품공전 제8. 4.16)Korea MFDS Food CodeEnrichment in mTSB, isolation on TC-SMAC and BCIG agar, purification on nutrient agar and confirmation by serotyping and toxin genes.4
- Korean Food Code 4.17 Yersinia enterocolitica (식품공전 제8. 4.17)Korea MFDS Food CodeCold enrichment in PSBB, secondary enrichment in ITC, isolation on CIN and MacConkey agar, confirmation on TSI, urea, Simmons citrate and other tests.4
- Korean Food Code 4.18 Bacillus cereus (식품공전 제8. 4.18)Korea MFDS Food CodeSpread plating on MYP or PEMBA agar for isolation and count; suspect colonies purified on nutrient agar and confirmed biochemically.3
- Korean Food Code 4.21 Cronobacter spp. (식품공전 제8. 4.21)Korea MFDS Food CodeEnrichment, selective enrichment in EE broth, isolation on VRBG, CESA or CCI agar, purification on tryptic soy agar and confirmation.4
ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOM
- Indonesia BPOM: Total plate count, ALT (ISO 4833-1, SNI 2897) (ISO 4833-1 / SNI 2897)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMPour plate on Plate Count Agar, 30 °C for 72 h (ISO 4833-1) or 35 °C for 48 h (SNI 2897), counting plates with 25 to 250 colonies.7
- Indonesia BPOM: Coliforms and E. coli MPN (SNI 2897) (SNI 2897 / ISO 4831 / ISO 7251)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMThree-tube MPN: presumptive in LST, BGLB confirmation for coliforms, EC broth at 44.5 °C for E. coli, isolation on L-EMB and IMViC identification.10
- Indonesia BPOM: Enterobacteriaceae (ISO 21528) (SNI ISO 21528-1 / ISO 21528-2)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMCount: double-layer VRBG plates at 37 °C for 24 h (ISO 21528-2); MPN: BPW pre-enrichment and EE broth enrichment then VRBG streaking (ISO 21528-1); suspect colonies purified on nutrient agar and confirmed by glucose fermentation and oxidase tests.6
- Indonesia BPOM: Salmonella (ISO 6579, SNI 2897) (ISO 6579-1 / SNI 2897)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMPre-enrichment in BPW at 37 °C for 18 h, selective enrichment in RVS and MKTTn, isolation on XLD and a second plate, confirmation by TSI, urea, lysine and serology.6
- Indonesia BPOM: Staphylococcus aureus (ISO 6888-1, SNI 2897) (SNI ISO 6888-1 / SNI 2897)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMSpread plating on Baird-Parker agar at 37 °C for 24 to 48 h; suspect colonies grown in BHI broth and confirmed by the coagulase test.4
- Indonesia BPOM: Listeria monocytogenes (ISO 11290-1) (SNI ISO 11290-1)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMPrimary enrichment in Half Fraser at 30 °C for 24 h, secondary in Fraser at 37 °C for 24 h, isolation on ALOA and PALCAM, purification on TSAYE and confirmation.4
- Indonesia BPOM: Bacillus cereus (ISO 7932) (ISO 7932)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMSpread plating on MYP agar at 30 °C for 18 to 48 h, counting pink colonies with a precipitation halo and confirming by the haemolysis test.1
- Indonesia BPOM: Clostridium perfringens (ISO 7937) (SNI ISO 7937)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMPour plate on TSC agar under anaerobic conditions at 37 °C for 20 h; black colonies grown in fluid thioglycollate and confirmed by lactose-gelatin and nitrate-motility tests.3
- Indonesia BPOM: Vibrio (ISO 21872-1) (ISO 21872-1)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMEnrichment in alkaline saline peptone water at 37 °C for 6 h and 41.5 °C, isolation on TCBS, confirmation on saline nutrient agar and biochemical tests.3
- Indonesia BPOM: Cronobacter (ISO 22964) (ISO 22964)ISO/SNI methods cited by Indonesia's BPOMPre-enrichment in BPW at 37 °C for 18 h, selective enrichment in CSB, isolation on CCI chromogenic agar, purification on TSA and confirmation; required for powdered infant formula.3
US FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual
- FDA BAM Chapter 3: Aerobic Plate Count (BAM Chapter 3)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualSerial dilution in Butterfield's phosphate-buffered dilution water, pour plate on Plate Count Agar at 35 °C for 48 ± 2 h, counting plates with 25 to 250 colonies. The conventional plate count method, with spiral plate and dry-film alternatives.2
- FDA BAM Chapter 4: Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the Coliform Bacteria (BAM Chapter 4)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualMPN: presumptive in LST, BGLB confirmation for coliforms, EC broth at 45.5 °C for fecal coliforms, isolation on L-EMB and IMViC identification of E. coli; the solid medium method counts coliforms on VRBA.13
- FDA BAM Chapter 5: Salmonella (BAM Chapter 5)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualPre-enrichment in lactose broth, BPW or universal pre-enrichment broth depending on the food, selective enrichment in RV and TT broths, isolation on XLD, HE and BS agars, confirmation on TSI and LIA slants and biochemical tests, then serology.18
- FDA BAM Chapter 6: Shigella (BAM Chapter 6)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualAnaerobic enrichment in Shigella broth, isolation on MacConkey agar, confirmation on TSI and biochemical tests, then serology.4
- FDA BAM Chapter 8: Yersinia enterocolitica (BAM Chapter 8)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualCold enrichment in PSBB, isolation on MacConkey and CIN agars, confirmation on Christensen's urea agar and other biochemical tests.2
- FDA BAM Chapter 9: Vibrio (BAM Chapter 9)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualEnrichment in alkaline peptone water, isolation on TCBS, confirmation of V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae and V. vulnificus on salt-supplemented TSA and TSB, TSI and other biochemical tests.8
- FDA BAM Chapter 10: Listeria monocytogenes (BAM Chapter 10)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualEnrichment in BLEB with selective supplements added after 4 h, isolation on OXA, PALCAM, MOX and chromogenic agars, purification on TSAYE/TSBYE and biochemical or molecular confirmation.8
- FDA BAM Chapter 12: Staphylococcus aureus (BAM Chapter 12)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualDirect plating on Baird-Parker agar, or MPN in trypticase soy broth with 10% NaCl and 1% sodium pyruvate; suspect colonies grown in BHI and confirmed by the coagulase test.10
- FDA BAM Chapter 14: Bacillus cereus (BAM Chapter 14)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualSpread plating on MYP agar or MPN in trypticase soy-polymyxin broth, purification on nutrient agar and biochemical confirmation.11
- FDA BAM Chapter 16: Clostridium perfringens (BAM Chapter 16)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualAnaerobic count on TSC agar, growth in fluid thioglycollate medium and confirmation in buffered motility-nitrate and lactose-gelatin media.3
- FDA BAM Chapter 18: Yeasts, Molds, and Mycotoxins (BAM Chapter 18)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualSerial dilution in 0.1% peptone water, spread plating on DRBC, DG18 or potato dextrose agar at 25 °C for 5 days; malt extract agar for yeast isolation.6
- FDA BAM Chapter 29: Cronobacter (BAM Chapter 29)US FDA Bacteriological Analytical ManualPre-enrichment in BPW, isolation on chromogenic agars, purification on TSA and confirmation by PCR and biochemical tests; the method for powdered infant formula.3
Padanan disusun daripada formulasi piawai yang diterbitkan; edisi semasa setiap piawaian mengawal keperluannya.